TY  - JOUR
T1  - Calcium Carbonate Scale on Pipes: Analysis of Kinetic, Mass, Polymorphism,
Morphology with Chemical Inhibitor
AU - Raharjo, S. AU - Muryanto, S. AU - Jamari, J. AU - Bayuseno, A.P. 
JO  - Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
VL  - 13
IS  - 20
SP  - 8579
EP  - 8583
PY  - 2018
DA  - 2001/08/19
SN  - 1816-949x
DO  - jeasci.2018.8579.8583
UR  - https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=jeasci.2018.8579.8583
KW  - Calcium carbonate
KW  -citric acid
KW  -morphology
KW  -XRPD rietveld
KW  -SEM/EDX
KW  -conductivity
AB  - Scaling of calcium carbonate on the pipes under the influence of citric acid as a chemical inhibitor was investigated in the present study. In the experimental research, the scale-forming solution was prepared by setting equimolar solutions of CaCl<sub>2 </sub>and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3 </sub>with Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration of 3000 ppm. The induction time of scale nucleation was determined by measuring the ion conductivity of the solution flowing out of the pipe. Scale formed on the coupon was then evaluated using SEM/EDX and XRPD rietveld analysis. The presence of citric acid clearly influenced the kinetics of calcium carbonate formation in pipes which was presented as an induction time. The longer induction time was observed when the largest amount of citric acid was added to the solution. The crystalline phase was found to be mostly calcite and vaterite while the scale has a plate-like morphology. The presence of citric acid seems to inhibit the scale deposition and change the morphology of the crystals.
ER  -