M.  Faisal, Asri  Gani, Husni  , Akhmad  Baihaqi, Hiroyuki  Daimon, 
    Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Kernel Shell into Liquid Smoke and its Application to Control Anthracnose Disease on Chili (<i>Capsicum annum</i> L.),
    Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
    Volume 11,Issue 12,
    2016,
    Pages 2583-2587,
    ISSN 1816-949x,
    jeasci.2016.2583.2587,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=jeasci.2016.2583.2587)
    Abstract: This research is an investigation of the application of liquid smoke produced from the pyrolysis of
Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) controlling anthracnose, a fungal disease caused by <i>Colletotrichum capsici</i> on chili.
The experiments for liquid smoke production were carried out in a batch reactor apparatus on a range
temperature of 100-350&deg;C. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature and liquid smoke concentration
significantly influenced the fungus spot caused by <i>C. capsici</i>. A chemical compound present in liquid smoke
in treatment T<sub>2</sub> was able to impair a growth of the fungal mycelium of <i>C. capsici</i>. The smallest spot diameter was 
found at concentration K<sub>3</sub> with an average value of 0.454 cm; although it was not significantly different from 
the sizes of treatment K<sub>2</sub> = 0.504 cm and K<sub>5</sub> = 0.519 cm. However, the best treatment was obtained from a  
combination of treatment T<sub>2</sub>K<sub>4</sub> (Pyrolysis temperature of 200-250&deg;C and liquid smoke concentration of 8%). A
long period of incubation in treatment of T<sub>2</sub>K<sub>4</sub> and 4.5 day after incubation showed that there was a resistance
characteristic in the treatment which caused the disease symptoms to appear in long time, making the pathogens
to evolve longer.
    Keywords: Liquid smoke;oil palm kernel shell;pyrolysis;Colletotrichum capsici;anthracnose disease;chili