Mohamed  Badawy, 
    A Structural Equation Model to Investigate the Risk of Change Orders in Residential Building,
    Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
    Volume 15,Issue 20,
    2020,
    Pages 3564-3573,
    ISSN 1816-949x,
    jeasci.2020.3564.3573,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=jeasci.2020.3564.3573)
    Abstract: Change orders have become a common
phenomenon, especially in developing countries which
requires a continuous and systematic analysis of the
causes of change orders depending on the probability and
impact of each factor. An initial list of causes for change
orders was suggested from previous research and the final
list was developed using Delphi technology. The 200
questionnaires were collected to investigate the proposed
model which includes a second-order model to predict the
overall change orders on residential projects. Six factors
were eliminated to match the model with the
recommended measurements. The main factors affecting
change orders were the different site conditions and
changes in design requests. The final structural equation
model provides insight into the effect of measured and
latent factors that are not clear in conventional equations.
The results of this research are expected to improve the
performance of building projects in Egypt by identifying
the main causes of change order risks, hence, a risk
response plan can be developed.
    Keywords: Change orders;construction industry;vstructural equation model;second-order factor model;residential buildings