@article{MAKHILLJEAS2019142418836,
    title = {Natural Staining of Silk Fabrics by Leaves of <em>Acer Ginnala</em> and Skins of
<em><i>Pinus densiflora</i></em> and Color Changes by Mordants},
    journal = {Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences},
    volume = {14},
    number = {24},
    pages = {9730-9733},
    year = {2019},
    issn = {1816-949x},
    doi = {jeasci.2019.9730.9733},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1816-949x&doi=jeasci.2019.9730.9733},
    author = {Suk-Yul},
    keywords = {Acer ginnala,P. densiflora,natural staining,mordants,silk,copper acetate},
    abstract = {<i>Acer ginnala</i> known as amur maple is native to Northeastern Asia. <i>Pinus densiflora</i>, also called,
Korean red pine has a home range that includes Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Northeastern China. The term,
natural dye, covers all the dyes derived from natural resources such as plants, insects and animals. In this
study, the leaves of <i>A. ginnala</i> and the skins of <i>P. densiflora</i> were applied as natural dyes. In addition, the
color patterns were compared by the pre-mordanting, that is onchrome to silk fabric. Moreover, it was analyzed
to understand how much the color changes by mordants were induced. The staining by the leaves of
<i>A. ginnala</i> was performed with modants. Its leaves have green color but staining of the silk fabric showed
yellow color. Copper acetate and aluminum potassium sulfate did not induce very different color changes as
compared with the silk fabric without any mordant. Sodium tartrate plus citric acid and potassium dichromate
induced colors close to dark brown. Interestingly, iron (II) sulfate induced very different color change close to
black. Silk fabric was shown colors close to grey by the skins of <i>P. densiflora</i> without any mordant and with
sodium tartrate plus citric acid and copper acetate even if there were darkness and brightness. Potassium
dichromate and aluminum potassium sulfate induced yellow mixed with grey color. On the other hand, iron (II)
sulfate induced very dark grey. Our study would be useful to comparatively analyze the staining changes by
the leaves of <i>A. ginnala</i> and the skins of <i>P. densiflora</i>. Further study will be processed to evaluate them as a
biological usage and other applications of natural staining.}
    }