@article{MAKHILLJFI201510321717,
    title = {Acute Toxicity and Histopathological Effects of 2,4-D Amine on Gill and Liver of <i>Clarias
gariepinus</i> Juvenile},
    journal = {Journal of Fisheries International},
    volume = {10},
    number = {3},
    pages = {19-27},
    year = {2015},
    issn = {1817-3381},
    doi = {jfish.2015.19.27},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1817-3381&doi=jfish.2015.19.27},
    author = {G.,V.O. and},
    keywords = {Acute,LC50,histopathology,2,4-D Amine,acid},
    abstract = {The acute toxicity of Checkmate<sup>&#174;</sup>, a
herbicide containing 720 g L<sup>&#150;1</sup> of 2,4-D amine
(2,4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic acid) to juveniles of <i>Clarias
gariepinus</i> of mean weight of 36.40&plusmn;0.01 g and standard
length of 17.91&plusmn;0.21 cm were investigated under
laboratory condition. In a static renewal bioassay, the fish
were exposed to 0.00, 3.42, 3.76, 4.14, 4.50 and 4.86 mg
L<sup>&#150;1</sup> of 2,4-D amine. The 96 hours lethal concentration
(LC<sub>50</sub>) of 2,4-D amine to juvenile of <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>
was 3.95 mg L<sup>&#150;1</sup>. The fish exposed to 2,4-D amine
showed toxicological signs of erratic swimming, loss of
balance and air gulping before death during the acute
bioassay. Histopathological changes in the gill
architecture were characterized by lifting of epithelia
layer, eroded gill filaments, necrosis of epithelial cells,
hyperplasia and fusion of lamellar epithelial
cells, hemorrhage and erosion of lamellae. There were
evidence of ruptured hepatocytes, cellular infiltration and
degeneration of the central vacoulation, haemorrhages,
hypertrophy of hepatocytes, fibrosis and necrosis in the
liver of fish exposed to 2,4-D amine. 2, 4-D amine is
highly toxic and its use in or near aquatic environment
should be monitored.}
    }