Chuan  Liu, Shao-An  Chen, Zi-Li Hu  , Qing Jiang  , Xun-Bo Jin  , Yan-Jun Lin  , Sheng-Jie Yu  , 
    Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: A Case Report Series of Three Patients with Review of Literature,
    Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,
    Volume 12,Issue 5,
    2013,
    Pages 600-606,
    ISSN 1680-5593,
    javaa.2013.600.606,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=javaa.2013.600.606)
    Abstract: Emphysematous Pyelonephritis (EPN) is an infection of the 
  renal parenchyma and perinephric tissue which resulted in the presence of gas 
  in the collecting system, renal parenchyma or perinephric tissue. Researchers 
  presented three cases of EPN and performed a comprehensive review of the literature 
  on EPN to describe and summarize the causation, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, 
  treatment and prevention. Early diagnosis is essential for a positive outcome. 
  A high index of suspicion coupled with a good imaging study of the abdomen can 
  lead to early diagnosis and optimizing management modality which are fundamental 
  for a favorable outcome.
    Keywords: Emphysematous pyelonephritis;case report;review;perinephric tissue;abdomen